Для интересующихся контролем КП, более подробно про различные штатные средсва контроля и наблюдения КП
про Окно
http://www.ferghana.ru/article.php?id=4351
http://www.millseyspages.com/astro_pages/rgo/eq_group_2005.htmlНяшка суперская - 600 мм 1:1!
HEWITT SATELLITE CAMERA
Used for photographically recording the trails of artificial satellites to determine their orbital parameters.
(Proc. of SPIE Vol. 6267 626740-10 Mark R. Ackermann Are curved focal planes necessary for wide-field survey telescopes?)Впрочем, участие DARPA - синоним попила, так что само по себе завышение бюджета где только можно - неудивительно...
4.5 Comparing LSST and DSST
Comparison of the DSST with the LSST proves to be very interesting. Both telescopes were designed at about the same
time, with the LSST actually having been started first. The LSST gradually transitioned from a curved focal surface
design to one with a flat focal surface. The DSST project could have borrowed the LSST design but chose to develop
their own unique optical configuration with a curved focal surface.
DARPA has claimed that the curved focal surface was necessary to improve optical performance, throughput and overall
sensitivity of their instrument. They also wanted an f=1.0 design to keep their telescope as short as possible, thereby
improving its dynamic response characteristics. In the end, the LSST design (if scaled to 3.5m aperture) would be
shorter than the DSST, even though it is optically slower at f=1.25. The LSST appears to be capable of producing higher
quality images than the DSST. Had DARPA adopted the LSST design, they could have degraded its performance a bit if
necessary to improve sensitivity for satellite search. A scaled LSST design also has a flat focal surface which would
have allowed use of much lower cost and possibly higher quantum efficiency CCDs. Also, a scaled LSST design could
have used the entire illuminated image circle (or at worst an inscribed hexagon for tiling on the sky) whereas the curved
focal DSST design will have difficulties associated with tiling as mentioned above. Overall, it appears a DSST based on
a scaled LSST would have been a much better choice.
One feature of the DSST is particularly puzzling. The telescope does not appear to have traded the curved focal surface
for a more simple optical design. The real DARPA design includes both a curved focal surface and two or three
refractive components. Thus it appears as though curved CCD technology could not deliver on one of its promised
benefits. The DARPA SST design appears to have adopted the worst features of each design space. It is possible the
curved CCDs could not support the surface curvature necessary for an all reflector design and refractive components
were necessary to partially flatten and partially correct the images. Why any design team would see this as an advantage
or as a wise investment is once again, not at all obvious.
5. SUMMARY
In this paper we have looked at a number of optical designs for various telescopes. Some are already operational, some
are in the construction phase and others are still in the planning stages. With only two exceptions, DSST and
HyperSuprime, all the designs feature flat focal surfaces. The DSST effort appears to have had viable options for a flat
focal plane system, some possibly with better performance than their curved focal surface design. DARPA however
opted to pursue what appears to be a costly and technically complex design using curved CCDs. The HyperSuprime
project is a slightly different story. There the designers are severely pushing the envelope of successful optical design
space. At present the curved focal surface slightly eases design constraints but at the same time, the designers are
striving for a flat focal plane. The HSC designers do not have an infinite budget and appear understand the practical
advantages of a flat focal plane.
Are curved focal planes necessary for wide field-of-view sky survey telescopes? Analysis of wide FOV designs to
which we have access, and implementing surrogates for designs not fully documented in the literature, leads to the
conclusion that, in general, curved focal surfaces are not necessary. Only the extremely ambitious HyperSuprime effort
appears to remain a design for which a curved focal surface is possibly appropriate, and we await with interest the
evolution of its final design.
Акерманн написал по этому поводу статью с достаточно разгромными выводами:
С плоскими матрицами результат выходит практически такой же, только схему пересчитать, а стоят они несравнимо дешевле.Акерманн написал по этому поводу статью с достаточно разгромными выводами:
В 2-х словах, что там нашли плохого? И, не знаешь, кстати, а что дал первый свет? Меня на днях на Вымпеле пытать будут про этот телескоп и результаты первого света, а я пока ничего не узнал.
(Proc. of SPIE Vol. 6267 626740-10 Mark R. Ackermann Are curved focal planes necessary for wide-field survey telescopes?)По результатам испытаний сведений не имею.
In parallel with development of the DSST surrogate, we
optimized the design for a flat focal surface to compare the imaging performance of the two approaches. The difference
between the two designs, both physically and in imaging performance, is insignificant The flat focal surface DSST
surrogate has slightly larger RMS spot diameters but a slightly smaller spot diameter for 80% encircled energy. The flat
DSST surrogate could be built today with existing CCD technology and one could tile the entire image circle.
Information provided by DARPA suggests the FPA for the real DSST is rectangular and hence will not use the entire
image circle.
И месторасположение таких систем в России и в мире.Это включая далеко идущие планы :) А пока их штук 5.
Откопался фоторепортаж о развертывании в 2009 году наблюдательного пункта системы HANDS (High Accuracy Network Determination System), принадлежащей ВВС США. Дело происходит в Австралии, на территории обсерватории Learmonth Solar Observatory. В целом за создание системы отвечает компания Oceanit, однако они ли сами проводили работы, или привлекали местных подрядчиков - непонятно.
http://www.ningalooskies.com/HANDS_installation/index.htm (http://www.ningalooskies.com/HANDS_installation/index.htm)
От подготовки площадки:
(http://www.ningalooskies.com/HANDS_installation/thumbnails/IMG_2432.jpg) (http://www.ningalooskies.com/HANDS_installation/pages/IMG_2432.htm)
...до огораживания забором:
(http://www.ningalooskies.com/HANDS_installation/thumbnails/IMG_3057.jpg) (http://www.ningalooskies.com/HANDS_installation/pages/IMG_3057.htm)
(картинки кликабельны)
Бетонные работы:
(http://www.ningalooskies.com/HANDS_installation/thumbnails/IMG_2435.jpg) (http://www.ningalooskies.com/HANDS_installation/pages/IMG_2435.htm)
Вот этот зиндан - вероятно фундамент под колонну?
(http://www.ningalooskies.com/HANDS_installation/thumbnails/IMG_2436.jpg) (http://www.ningalooskies.com/HANDS_installation/pages/IMG_2436.htm)
Каркас помещения для наблюдателей:
("Сказано — пацакам в клетке выступать, значит надо в клетке.
Чё выпендриваетесь?" :D )
(http://www.ningalooskies.com/HANDS_installation/thumbnails/IMG_2450.jpg) (http://www.ningalooskies.com/HANDS_installation/pages/IMG_2450.htm)
Детали павильона телескопа:
(http://www.ningalooskies.com/HANDS_installation/thumbnails/IMG_2459.jpg) (http://www.ningalooskies.com/HANDS_installation/pages/IMG_2459.htm)
Сборка павильона:
(http://www.ningalooskies.com/HANDS_installation/thumbnails/IMG_2462.jpg) (http://www.ningalooskies.com/HANDS_installation/pages/IMG_2462.htm)
...сборка павильона:
(http://www.ningalooskies.com/HANDS_installation/thumbnails/IMG_2465.jpg) (http://www.ningalooskies.com/HANDS_installation/pages/IMG_2465.htm)
...сборка павильона:
(http://www.ningalooskies.com/HANDS_installation/thumbnails/IMG_2470.jpg) (http://www.ningalooskies.com/HANDS_installation/pages/IMG_2470.htm)
Сборка купола
(http://www.ningalooskies.com/HANDS_installation/thumbnails/IMG_2474.jpg) (http://www.ningalooskies.com/HANDS_installation/pages/IMG_2474.htm)
...сборка купола
(http://www.ningalooskies.com/HANDS_installation/thumbnails/IMG_2476.jpg) (http://www.ningalooskies.com/HANDS_installation/pages/IMG_2476.htm)
Готовый павильон:
(http://www.ningalooskies.com/HANDS_installation/thumbnails/IMG_2479.jpg) (http://www.ningalooskies.com/HANDS_installation/pages/IMG_2479.htm)
Внутри:
(http://www.ningalooskies.com/HANDS_installation/thumbnails/IMG_2491.jpg) (http://www.ningalooskies.com/HANDS_installation/pages/IMG_2491.htm)
Инструмент номер раз:
(http://www.ningalooskies.com/HANDS_installation/thumbnails/IMG_2484.jpg) (http://www.ningalooskies.com/HANDS_installation/pages/IMG_2484.htm)
Он же:
(http://www.ningalooskies.com/HANDS_installation/thumbnails/IMG_2485.jpg) (http://www.ningalooskies.com/HANDS_installation/pages/IMG_2485.htm)
Инструмент номер два:
(http://www.ningalooskies.com/HANDS_installation/thumbnails/IMG_2487.jpg) (http://www.ningalooskies.com/HANDS_installation/pages/IMG_2487.htm)
С другого ракурса:
(http://www.ningalooskies.com/HANDS_installation/thumbnails/IMG_2490.jpg) (http://www.ningalooskies.com/HANDS_installation/pages/IMG_2490.htm)
Готовый НП:
(http://www.ningalooskies.com/HANDS_installation/thumbnails/IMG_3058.jpg) (http://www.ningalooskies.com/HANDS_installation/pages/IMG_3058.htm)
И, а зачем этот HANDS?
HANDS (High Accuracy Network Determination System) - система роботизированных оптических малоапертурных телескопов, предназначенная для решения задач контроля космического пространства. Одна из основных идей - создание сети на основе покупных комплектующих (то, что у них принято называть COTS). Создается по заказу ВВС США, основным подрядчиком по программе выступает компания Oceanit, при активном лоббировании со стороны сенатора от штата Гавайи (забыл фамилию, на Ин... как-то).
Создается уже давно, болтали, что планируют к 2010 году развернуть глобальную сеть из 20 телескопов-роботов. Объём затрат на создание сети - порядка 50 млн. долл. США.
В основе лежит концепция телескопа типа Raven (малая апертура, высокие угловые точности - лучше 1'').
Вообще говоря, штука интересная. Достоверно известно, что на Мауи стоит прототип (не на горе, рядом с GEODSS, а поближе к морю). Вот, в Австралии - как мы видит - еще два инструмента стоят. Вроде-бы на Кваджалейне что-то стоит (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=98sj5s2s8GA#), но непонятно, может это MCAT имеется в виду.
Ну и - а где остальное? Заявлено 20 телескопов к 2010 году, деньги получены, 50 миллионов долларов (по 5-9 млн. ежегодно в период примерно с 2004 по 2009, потом в бюджете на эту программу стоят нули). И где? :-\
(http://www.ningalooskies.com/HANDS_installation/images/IMG_2490.jpg)
Ну как бы понятно, что девайс еще не до конца собран: к дырке явно что-то должно крепиться (камера?), хвосты кабелей с разъемами висят... Какая-то странная белая палка назад торчит - зачем?
Может на этот сундук еще что-то сверху ставится?
Да, и еще такие классные черные ручки сзади. :)
Вот он, этот сундук, на AMOS 2008:
(http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2566/3812103219_d130aec52d_z.jpg)
http://www.flickr.com/photos/oceanit_828/3812103219/#in/photostream/ (http://www.flickr.com/photos/oceanit_828/3812103219/#in/photostream/)
Определенно похож на дальномер.
Еще тот же девайс, на пир-тековской переносной колонне, только без торчащей "палки" на задней крышке:
(http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3464/3858239530_9038acf5b1_z.jpg)
http://www.flickr.com/photos/oceanit_828/3858239530/#in/photostream (http://www.flickr.com/photos/oceanit_828/3858239530/#in/photostream)
О!
http://www.dreamscopes.com/pages/07/20inTube-Hi-02.htm (http://www.dreamscopes.com/pages/07/20inTube-Hi-02.htm)ЦитироватьBuilt for client's: 16" f5 IR Cassegrain
Tube length: 26.4"/671mm.
Tube weight: 15.4lbs/7.0 kg.
To the left is the prototype tube for the IR system of telescopes that will track satellites for the US Air Force.
То есть, по ходу дела, я сдуру угадал насчет ИК. Но если бы не начал гуглить по "oceanit laser range" - ни за что бы не докопался до подтверждения. Такие вот кривые дорожки гуглосерча... :)
Т.е. эта система для сопровождения объектов, а не их обнаружения. Стандартный Ричи имеет слишком малое поле зрения. А мы думали, что концепция у них типа нашей - поискавая сеть. Теперь видно, что нам они не конкуренты в этом смысле. Спасибо, порадовал.
Другая интересная инфа, что в ИК диапазоне можно и с небольшой апетрурой смотреть. Папушев всё доказывал, что меньше 1,5-м можно и не пытаться. И я ему почти поверил :'(.
Пропавшие спутники будут искать по-новому (http://www.izvestia.ru/news/498291)
(в тексте статьи большое число ошибок и неточностей)
По поводу последнего слайда. На нём почему-то указаны сразу и Симеиз и Кацивели. Это ж вроде одно и то же, и я там видел тольку одну станцию лазерной локации с 1-м телескопом на горе Кошка.
Перед Новым Годом блоггеры совершенно официально побывали на РЛС Дон-2Н, Софрино МО
http://mmet.livejournal.com/72571.html (http://mmet.livejournal.com/72571.html)
Добавлено :Еще три кучи похожих фото http://dmitryzerkal.livejournal.com/12762.html#cutid1 (http://dmitryzerkal.livejournal.com/12762.html#cutid1)
http://relax-action.livejournal.com/344133.html (http://relax-action.livejournal.com/344133.html)
http://4044415.livejournal.com/90367.html (http://4044415.livejournal.com/90367.html)
Спасибо Потусторонний с НК
Space Police
11 january 2012
Space surveillance (SSA) & laser
Astrium paves the way
Inner space plays a vital role in our Earthly activities, affecting aspects as varied as the economy, politics, defence, security, to name but a few. This is why it is important to be able to detect and assess any dangers that could threaten satellites in orbit and look at ways of acquiring the technologies which will enable us to mitigate this threat. Astrium is already getting prepared.
In 2008, Astrium Space Transportation launched and internally funded an R&T programme called ‘Space Police’, which is part of a broader strategic framework known as SiS (Security in Space), combining all related Astrium activities, not only in the field of space surveillance, but also in the longer-term fields of active de-orbiting of space debris (both large and small), space deterrence (lasers and interceptors) and a rapid space-based response (on-demand launches for military missions).
At a European level, the Space Police activity is preparing the space debris surveillance part of the European dual SSA (Space Situational Awareness) programme of the European Space Agency (ESA), which encompasses a whole gamut of aspects, including space surveillance (from orbital debris to near-Earth objects), third-party satellites, and space weather.
“As a manufacturer of launchers and satellites and a supplier of space services, Astrium has for a long time now been concerned by the problem of space debris and what to do about it,” says Sophie Vial, Head of the SSA Programme at Astrium Space Transportation. “Moreover, we have expertise that can help us deal with this subject.”
The optical route
Since late 2008, the Space Police programme has comprised two parts: optical surveillance of the skies from the ground, and radar observation – necessary counterparts as radar range remains limited to about 1,000 km and therefore to low Earth orbit (LEO) only. The first part consisted of the development of algorithms for processing space surveillance images, in order to detect the various objects, the propagation of the debris orbitography and even the simulation of objects in orbit, in order to assess the image processing required for detecting and tracking them. The purpose of the second part was to test these theoretical developments and software using technology demonstrators.
D2R2 tracking telescopeThe first technology demonstrator is a small aperture (<1°) tracking telescope based in Astrium’s Les Mureaux site near Paris called D2R2. It has been in service since May 2008 and is designed to track objects in the sky with great precision in order to collect detailed data about their orbits. “It takes dated photos of the object, also showing the star constellations,” explains Sophie. “As we know the sighting angle of the telescope, we can identify the constellations and thus accurately locate the object in space for calculation of its orbit. We have been able to precisely determine medium Earth orbits and geostationary orbits.”
Sophie considers that the results obtained with D2R2 are highly satisfactory, but a tracking telescope can only follow objects that have already been detected, which is why another telescope, MEDOC (French acronym for space observation resource) was inaugurated at Astrium’s Aquitaine site in June this year. It has a wider aperture (4°) and its mission is to scan the skies to detect objects. In this case, several images are taken each time the telescope is pointed, in order to detect points of light passing across the space background. An algorithm then localises these points, links them from image to image and deduces the trajectory of the object.
“None of these demonstrators is designed to become an operational system and the aim is primarily to validate the concepts,” Sophie makes clear. “But with the feedback obtained on implementation and on the image processing systems, we have acquired good experience which will help us progress to the next step.”
“Observation by optical means is certainly dependent on weather conditions, but we can get round this problem by establishing a global network,” she says. “We have developed the tools to design such a network.”
(http://www.astrium.eads.net/media/image/the-d2r2-tracking-telescope.jpg) (http://www.astrium.eads.net/media/image/the-medoc-telescope.jpg)
European Space Surveillance Programme
Astrium has pooled the strengths of its Space Transportation and Satellites Business Units in order to compete for the design of the surveillance system architecture, which would combine a radar system for low Earth orbit and optical means for higher orbits. The assembly would be linked to processing centres based on a bid-winning service-oriented architecture (SOA) developed by Astrium Space Transportation in Bremen, built around its Asteria prototype. This architecture allows processing of data from different independently-designed systems, eliminating compatibility constraints and enabling a large number of highly diverse sources – catalogues of orbital parameters, data collected by telescopes or radar operated by other systems – to be interconnected. Services can then be introduced by adding various data-processing software modules. This SOA architecture will make it possible to ensure confidentiality of the data shared by the various civil and military users from a number of European states.
The goal of this initial European programme is to prepare the ground rather than to aim for the performance of a fully operational system. “Its development will to a large extent depend on the funding allocated at the next ESA ministerial meeting in late 2012, and/or on the future financial situation of the European Union,” explains Sophie.
ESA is not alone in taking an interest in space surveillance. The military and even satellite operators are keen to protect their satellites. To deepen understanding of their particular requirements, Astrium has developed a technical-operational laboratory to explore the network performance requirements and the man-machine interfaces. Sophie says: “This is an interactive simulator running a detection and recording scenario from a catalogue, but it enables us to determine what information the customer needs, when they need it, at what intervals and in what format, as well as when and how they should receive alert messages.”
The benefits of lasers
Astrium is already aiming higher, looking at another means of high-precision orbitography: the laser. A partnership was created in 2010 with the Côte d’Azur Observatory, which is equipped with a laser which targets reflectors on board satellites or positioned on the surface of the moon for geodetic and astronomical purposes, as part of the ILRS (International Laser Ranging Service) network. After a series of tests on ‘cooperative’ targets (those equipped with reflectors), there will be a campaign on ‘non-cooperative’ targets, in this case launcher upper stages, which will use a more powerful laser. By precisely measuring the time the photons reflected by the launcher stage take to return to the emitter telescope, it should be possible to achieve an accuracy of about one metre for low Earth orbit.Laser telemetry at work: Côte d’Azur Observatory. (© OCA)
This laser telemetry ushers in a new era of active surveillance. In the future, lasers could be used to de-orbit small debris, as proposed by the Clean Space project, a study under the 7th EU R&D framework programme, co-financed by the European Commission and EADS. In the longer term, it might even be possible to ‘nudge’ or ‘shunt’ satellites into a more appropriate position.
этой Софи
Dear M. Molotov,
.....
Best regards,
Sophie VIAL
Astrium Space Transportation
SSA Programme Manager
Galileo To Enhance Imaging of Objects in GEO Orbit
By introducing precise fiber optic controls to ground-based telescopes, this challenge may be overcome. DARPA’s Galileo program seeks to bridge the precision fiber optic controls and long-baseline astronomical interferometry technical communities to enable imaging of objects in GEO faster than is possible today.
Credit: DARPA
25.01.2012 (16:17)
В 2011 г. РЛС системы ПРО «Дон-2Н» провела измерения по 260 космическим объектам
(http://www.function.mil.ru/images/military/military/photo/1DM_8210.jpg)
В 2011 году радиолокационная станция (РЛС) системы противоракетной обороны (ПРО) «Дон-2Н» провела траекторные измерения в интересах российской системы контроля космического пространства по 260 космическим объектам, из которых около 30% — особо важные.
Уникальность РЛС «Дон-2Н» заключается в ее универсальности и многофункциональности. Станция выполняет задачи не только в интересах системы ПРО, она также интегрирована в единую систему предупреждения о ракетном нападении и контроля космического пространства. Поэтому возможности станции «Дон-2Н» используются для получения дополнительной информации о состоянии космических объектов на околоземной орбите и возникновении нештатных ситуаций в космическом пространстве.
Так, информация, полученная специалистами соединения ПРО, об изменении параметров орбиты КА «Фобос-Грунт» позволила оперативно установить нештатную работу космического аппарата на орбите. А проводки в последние сутки его полета обеспечили получение данных, способствовавших оперативному и точному прогнозированию Центром разведки космической обстановки даты и времени прекращения его существования, а также района падения на земную поверхность фрагментов, не сгоревших в плотных слоях атмосферы.
Моноимпульсная РЛС кругового обзора «Дон-2Н», входящая в состав системы ПРО Москвы и Центрального промышленного района, является уникальным радиолокационным средством с мощным программным обеспечением, позволяющим работать с использованием большого разнообразия типов радиолокационных сигналов. Станция осуществляет непрерывный контроль космического пространства на высоте до 40 тыс. км. Она способна обеспечивать одновременный обзор всей верхней полусферы в зоне ответственности комплекса.
Такие технические возможности позволяют обнаруживать в установленной зоне ответственности малоразмерные головные части баллистических ракет на больших дальностях, определять их траектории, сопровождать с большой точностью, выделять (селектировать) головные части на фоне всего комплекса средств преодоления ПРО, включая тяжелые и легкие ложные цели, и наводить на них противоракеты.
В 2011 г. специалисты соединения ПРО обеспечили проводки всех баллистических ракет и ракет космического назначения, проходящих через зону ответственности станции.
22 января 2012 года соединение ПРО отметило свой полувековой юбилей.
Управление пресс-службы и информации МО РФ
SST на гусеничном ходу, управляемые по проводам... Жесть.Ну вот, теперь можно гордиться нашими, предложившими телескоп на танке - на переднем крае науки работают!
DLR Demonstrates Space Debris Location by Laser
For the first time in Europe, the German Aerospace Agency (DLR) in cooperation with an Austrian Laser station in Graz has successfully demonstrated the use of a laser technology for detecting space debris.
As precise tracking of tiny space debris particles is still difficult, German scientists have focused on developing an optical observation system. They utilize a powerful laser that can detect space debris particles as small as a few centimeters and measure their orbits. In the future, the scientists believe it will be possible to transfer those pieces from their orbits and bring them to safe re-entry and burn up in the atmosphere.
During the test operation in January, the laser beam sent into space from Graz Laser station detected more than 20 used rocket parts at a distance between 500 to 1800 kilometers. “Now we have confirmed that our ideas really work,” explained Professor Adolf Giesen, the leader of DLR’s Institute for Technical Physics. “Currently we are developing and building a system for registering space debris, the laser with high pulse energy is just one part of the project that enables measuring of rather tiny space debris objects.”
The need to track those small particles and calculate their orbits is becoming more and more urgent. The number of collisions between retired satellites and spent rocket parts is increasing, with each collision creating a huge amount of new debris. These particles pose a huge threat to all working satellites in orbit. “A particle of one centimeter in diameter can completely damage a satellite,” says DLR’s department manager Wolfgang Riede.
When two objects circling the orbit in opposite directions at the speed of eight kilometers per hour collide, the relative speed of the impact is 14 kilometers per second. Any avoidance maneuvering is possible only when the position of the space debris objects is exactly calculated. Conventional radar telescopes can provide this precision only to a very limited extent. Many unnecessary and fuel consuming orbit maneuvers are therefore performed as well as numerous collisions are taking place due to insufficient information.
The ambitious goal the German physicists set themselves is to finish the system by 2014. The laser will be sending 1000 pulses per second from the ground to space. This should enable recording of the light reflected from the space debris particles with utmost sensitivity. “We send the high-intensity laser pulses in space and subsequently we count the single photons that return,” explained Professor Giesen.
The task is even more complicated as the surface color of spent rocket parts or satellites ranges from black to glossy, making them difficult to detect. Even thought the number of photons that returns is rather small, it enables the scientists to calculate the distance, direction and location of space debris with high accuracy.
After building up a catalogue of small space debris particles and their precise positions, the next step will aim at reducing the total amount of space junk. The laser beam can slow down the debris by hitting its surface and vaporizing part of the material. When the speed decreases sufficiently the piece of space debris will start sinking to the atmosphere. German scientists believe that the method can start cleaning up orbital space in fewer than ten years. If a solution is not found, it is estimated that in next 20 or 30 years the most crowded orbits will become so full that no safe space flight would be possible.
Europäische Weltraumüberwachung mittels Phased-Array-Sensorik
Ein neues europäisches Weltraumüberwachungssystem soll künftig vor Gefahren im Orbit schützen, indem Kollisionsgefahren frühzeitig detektiert und entsprechende Gegenmaßnahmen spontan eingeleitet werden können. Fraunhofer-Forscher entwickeln zusammen mit der spanischen Firma Indra Espacio, S.A. einen Demonstrator für das zukünftige Phased-Array-Radar zur Weltraumüberwachung.
Das geplante System zur Weltraumlage-Erfassung European Space Situational Awareness System (ESSAS) soll eine unabhängige Nutzung des Weltraums durch Europa sicherstellen – insbesondere um die europäische Infrastruktur im Raum (z. B. Galileo) zu sichern. Von 2009 bis Ende 2011 sollen die Grundlagen für das Überwachungssystem geschaffen werden. Hierzu gehört eine leistungsfähige Radaranlage mit phasengesteuerten Gruppenantennen zum vollständigen und regelmäßigen Erfassen der Satelliten und kleinen Schrottobjekte.
A--HIGH POWER UPLINKhttps://www.fbo.gov/?s=opportunity&mode=form&id=c5066f41a045db5a167db138306794d6&tab=core&_cview=0
Solicitation Number: NNH12429421R
Agency: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Office: Headquarters
Location: Office of Procurement (HQ)
Synopsis:
Added: Mar 13, 2012 2:34 pm
NASA/HQ has a requirement to provide high resolution, high power uplink capability at Ka-band for the use in characterizing Near Earth Objects (NEOs), orbital debris, and to fill knowledge gaps in space situational awareness. In fiscal year 2012 NASA will begin to build on its three element interferometer testbed consisting of 12m dishes to demonstrate: 1) uplink arraying with real time characterization and correction ofatmospheric turbulence, 2) significant power and gain increases enabling high resolutionobject imaging and 3) real-time continual system phase control eliminating the need forcostly, highly stable components.
Это писал маркетолог. Не более.
Репортаж Первого канала про АОЛЦ:Как всегда, любят преувеличения - самый совершенный центр слежения, место с самым лучшим в стране астроклиматом, работает по объектам до 40 тысяч км :D
http://www.1tv.ru/news/techno/202566
Либо http://lfvn.astronomer.ru/files/aolc_1tv.mp4 (16 Мб)
http://rnd.cnews.ru/tech/news/line/index_science.shtml?2012/03/14/481436
"Космический забор" взял под контроль всю мелочь на орбите
Компания Lockheed Martin запустила прототип радара Space Fence, предназначенного для отслеживания космических объектов.
Прототип новой РЛС разработан группой специалистов под руководством Lockheed Martin, работу оплачивают ВВС США. В настоящее время радар уже приступил к отслеживанию орбитальных космических объектов, и командование ВВС США теперь на один шаг ближе к беспрецедентной ситуационной осведомленности в космосе.
Space Cooperation: The United States and Japan consider the sustainability, stability, and free access to and use of space vital to our national interests. Based on this recognition and our 42 years of joint space activities and the bilateral partnership, the United States and Japan will seek greater cooperation in the following areas:
Civil Space Cooperation: The United States and Japan have committed to deepen civil space cooperation through early conclusion of the negotiation of a Framework Agreement on the peaceful exploration and use of outer space and by pursuing the following specific activities:
Cooperation, including with regard to interoperability and improved regional navigation, between GPS and the Japanese Quazi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) for multiple purposes;
Collaboration on satellite-based earth observation missions such as greenhouse gases observation satellites, including coordination on promoting the utilization of satellite-based remote sensing data for environmental, scientific, and disaster monitoring purposes; and
Continuation of the International Space Station operations beyond 2016.
Space Security Cooperation: Japan and the United States are to deepen our security partnership in space through various cooperative measures, including the pursuit of voluntary and pragmatic transparency and confidence building measures in space, including an International Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities, and development of a framework for sharing space situational awareness services and information.
Comprehensive Dialogue on Space: The United States and Japan are to enhance our space dialogue with the engagement of all the relevant Ministries and Agencies to ensure a whole-of-government approach to space matters and space cooperation addressing environmental research, scientific discovery, national and international security, and economic growth.
Но для этого и не надо было большое соглашение подписывать.
Но один наш 19,2-см телескоп рядом практически заменяет всез 10 Окна.Так вот и беда, столько денег вбухать и стоит эта махина для галочки.
Зарплаты — космические: майор получает более 120 тысяч рублей.Аппаратура — российская.
Здоровье должно быть, как у летчика.Зачем?! :o :o :o
March 31, 2014
Spain
The technology used by the radar offers the necessary degree of development to be integrated in the future European surveillance system
The demonstrator was able to observe events such as the undocking of the Cygnus supply ship from the International Space Station
The prototype's performance surpassed ESA expectations
The demonstrator radar developed by Indra for detecting objects in space has successfully passed the validation tests performed within the European Space Agency's Space Situational Awareness (SSA) preparation programme.
The first phase of this programme aims to establish the basis for building the future European system that will monitor the waste from other missions that is floating freely in space. There are an estimated 700,000 objects orbiting our planet in an uncontrolled manner, and this poses a serious risk to our missions and operational satellites.
The tests performed at Santorcaz (Madrid) had the aim of verifying that the technology used by the radar system is mature enough to be used in the design of a definitive surveillance system.
The tests were focused on observing and detecting known objects for which orbital information is already available. This made it possible to verify the data collected by the demonstrator. Various radar parameter configurations were tested during the exercises in order to optimise the results.
Among other events, the system precisely noted the undocking of the CYGNUS supply ship from the International Space Station (ISS). This event is of special interest since it shows the demonstrator's ability to differentiate--at a distance as well as at an angle--two objects of very different sizes, located relatively close to each other in the same orbit.
The system also detected and differentiated the ESA's three SWARM satellites--whose mission will be to measure the Earth's magnetic field--directly after their launch and when their orbital separation was minimal.
In two of the other exercises carried out, the radar tracked the re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere of the GOCE satellite and also detected the tumbling of the Envisat satellite, which is currently unable to manoeuvre.
The performance shown by this radar prototype has surpassed the ESA's expectations and objectives for this phase of the project. On the other hand, throughout the tests, it was also verified that the modular and scalable architecture of this system is the most appropriate for building the future surveillance system.
After successfully completing the test campaign, the demonstrator was accepted by the ESA and formally delivered to the agency by Indra. Long-duration operating tests are currently being performed with the system to verify its ability to detect small objects in low altitude orbits.
As far as the final architecture, the SSA/SST (Space Situational Awareness / Space Surveillance and Tracking) system will have at least one surveillance radar sensor--significantly larger than the demonstrator--that will work with other tracking radars and telescopes in order to observe objects in higher orbits. The system will be completed with a processing and services centre that will use the data collected by the sensors.
Indra
Indra is Spain's number 1 consulting and technology multinational and one of the main multinationals in Europe and Latin America. Innovation and sustainability are the cornerstone of its business, having assigned over €570 million to R&D&I in the last three years, a figure that places it among the top European companies in its sector in terms of investment. With approximate sales of €3,000 M, 61% of its sales revenue is from the international market. It has 42,000 employees and customers in over 138 countries.
Хм, как мне помнится по фото карты покрытия, опубликованной блогерами, территория РФ и так закрыта по периметру загоризонтными радарами -- разве нет?Ты говоришь про комплексы обнаружения, а Золотухин - про распознавания. Разные задачи требуют разных комплексов.
Кроме того, установлена современная телевизионная аппаратура обнаружения и вычислительные средства нового поколения, созданные на основе отечественной элементной базы.Любопытно... неужто и матрицы какие то наши?!
The White House also is asking to accelerate delivery of upgraded capabilities to the service’s Joint Space Operations Center, the nerve center of U.S. military space activities that supports operations including launch and satellite maneuvers. The Air Force is in the midst of an upgrade to that facility, hosted at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California, that entails replacing antiquated network infrastructure and preparing it to ingest data from a wider variety of sensors, both internal and external to the Pentagon.
DARPA объявляет конкурс идей на тему: как получить изображение геостационарного спутника с хорошим разрешением.
Brainstorm with DARPA on a “100x Zoom Lens” for Seeing Distant Space Objects More Clearly (http://www.darpa.mil/NewsEvents/Releases/2015/05/11.aspx)
(http://www.darpa.mil/uploadedImages/Content/NewsEvents/Releases/2015/Sparse%20Aperture%20Imaging%20Comparison.png)
Слева - изображение низколета (недостроенная МКС с шаттлом), справа - геостационарный объект, снятый телескопом Кек. Граждан не устраивает качество правой картинки, желают улучшить, хотят знать - как.
(под спойлером подробности на басурманском языке)
[spoiler]May 11, 2015
Request for Information seeks ideas for revolutionary telescope systems that could provide the first-ever ability to closely inspect objects in geosynchronous Earth orbit from the ground
Imaging of Earth from satellites in space has vastly improved in recent years. But the opposite challenge—using Earth-based systems to find, track and provide detailed characterization of satellites and other objects in high orbits—has frustrated engineers even as the need for space domain awareness has grown. State-of-the-art imagery of objects in low Earth orbit (LEO), up to 2,000 km (1,200 miles) high, can achieve resolution of 1 pixel for every 10 cm today, providing relatively crisp details. But image resolution for objects in geosynchronous Earth orbit (GEO), a favorite parking place for space assets roughly 36,000 km (22,000 miles) high, drops to just 1 pixel for every 2 meters, meaning many GEO satellites appear as little more than fuzzy blobs when viewed from Earth. Enabling LEO-quality images of objects in GEO would greatly enhance the nation’s ability to keep an eye on the military, civilian and commercial satellites on which society has come to depend, and to coordinate ground-based efforts to make repairs or correct malfunctions when they occur.
Achieving that goal will require radical technological advances because traditional or “monolithic” telescopes designed to provide high-resolution images of objects in GEO would be too physically and financially impractical to construct. For instance, achieving image resolution of 1 pixel to 10 cm for objects at GEO would require the equivalent of a primary imaging mirror 200 meters in diameter—longer than two football fields. To overcome these limitations and expedite the possible development of revolutionary benefits, DARPA has issued a Request for Information (RFI) (http://go.usa.gov/3Buvx (http://go.usa.gov/3Buvx)) seeking specific technological information and innovative ideas demonstrating the potential for high-resolution imaging of GEO objects.
The RFI envisions a ground-based system that would be a sparse-aperture interferometer, which instead of relying upon one primary imaging mirror would measure the interference patterns of light detected by multiple smaller telescopes, from which a composite image could be derived. The GEO-imaging interferometer would rely on only passive (solar) illumination or thermal self-emission from imaged objects and could require the use of many telescopes, quite likely in a reconfigurable array. Responses to the RFI may inform a potential future program.
“We’re looking for ideas on how to create ground-based sparse aperture telescope systems that would provide GEO imagery as clear as current LEO imagery,” said Lindsay Millard, DARPA program manager. “This ‘100x zoom lens’ would provide the first ground-based capability to quickly assess anomalies that happen to GEO satellites, such as improperly deployed antennas or partially unfurled solar panels. With that capability, satellite owners could identify and fix problems more effectively and increase their satellites’ operating lifetimes and performance.”
“The image resolution this RFI envisions—down to a milli-arcsecond, or approximately one-3.6-millionth of a degree—would be up to 100 times more powerful than the current state of the art,” Millard continued. “Beyond helping us achieve our immediate needs on orbit, that improvement could significantly advance astronomy research, helping us learn about black holes and galaxy dynamics, as well as characterizing nearby exoplanets and detecting more-distant ones.”
The RFI invites short responses (3 pages or fewer) that explore some or all of the following technical areas:
- Direct atmospheric phase measurement: Information on methods to directly and locally measure atmospheric conditions to enable collection of clear data at the distances between apertures envisioned for the system, as well as decrease system complexity and infrastructure requirements
- Meter-class replicated optics and compensation of low-quality optics: Information about replicated optics technology applicable to telescopes 0.5 meter to 5 meters in diameter to potentially mitigate the need for high-precision fabrication, and reduce fabrication cost and timescales by an order of magnitude over conventional optical manufacturing methods
- Image-formation algorithms: Ideas on novel image formation algorithms and post-processing techniques that would enable reliable image reconstruction from sparse aperture or similar imaging systems
- Interferometry demonstration testbeds: Information about existing facilities that may provide economical and expedient means of demonstrating such technologies by utilizing existing infrastructure
To maximize the pool of innovative proposal concepts, DARPA strongly encourages participation by non-traditional performers, including small businesses, academic and research institutions and first-time government contractors. For this RFI, DARPA particularly seeks expertise in astronomy, novel optical design and quantum optics as it applies to long-baseline interferometry.
Responses are due Friday, July 3, 2015 to DARPA-SN-15-38@darpa.mil by 4:00 PM Eastern Time. All technical and administrative correspondence and questions regarding this announcement and how to respond should be sent to DARPA-SN-15-38@darpa.mil.
# # #
Associated images posted on www.darpa.mil (http://www.darpa.mil) and video posted at www.youtube.com/darpatv (http://www.youtube.com/darpatv) may be reused according to the terms of the DARPA Usage Policy, available here: http://go.usa.gov/nYr. (http://go.usa.gov/nYr.) [/spoiler]
А как ПРОТИВОракетная, т.е. защитная, система может быть угрозой? Тем более радар.Обычно, она не гарантирует взаимного уничтожения в случае ядерных разборок. И кое кто может подумать, что он неуязвимый и начать эти самые разборки. Плюс это слежение, а при их идее глобального мгновенного удара, подтянуть свои корабли с хайперсоник ракетами делов на пару дней, под видом учений.
а ни один политик в здравом уме не пойдёт на такое.
ни один политик в здравом уме не пойдёт на такое
Xinhua, June 8, 2015
China on Monday launched a space junk monitoring center to protect its spacecraft in orbit.
The new center, to be managed by the State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defence (SASTIND) and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), will track and monitor near-earth objects and space debris.
It will also be used to develop emergency response plans, take measures in case of emergencies, and share data with international counterparts.
Xu Dazhe, head of SASTIND said the center will utilize existing observatory facilities in China while taking advantage of surveillance data from both home and abroad to set up its own monitoring network for space debris.
Space debris is generally man-made litter left in space: parts of rocket launchers, inactive satellites and broken remains of past collisions.
More than 300,000 pieces of debris in space are believed to be in orbit, made up of everything from tiny screws and bolts to large parts of rockets, travelling at average speeds of 10 kilometers per second - about 40 times faster than the typical atmospheric aircraft.
At that speed, even the smallest pieces of debris can damage or destroy spacecraft and satellites.
China now has 129 spacecraft orbiting the Earth, including the Tiangong-1 space station put into orbit in 2011 for an anticipated two years.
According to Yan Jun, head of the CAS astronomical observatory, the country has registered an average of 30 incidents each year where pieces of space junk have come to a dangerously close (less than 100 meters) to Chinese spacecraft. Endi
В Индии построили обсерваторию с 1-м скопом для наблюдения мусора на орбите.
"Isro-PRL's observatory at Mt Abu to track space junk" (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Isro-PRLs-observatory-at-Mt-Abu-to-track-space-junk/articleshow/54418168.cms)ЦитироватьSilently, atop the Guru Shikhar observatory in hill station Mount Abu, a team of Isro and Physical Research Laboratory (PRL) scientists are putting together a new facility to track space junk or space debris - a global problem pegged to attain dangerous proportions in coming years.
The facility will house a one-metre wide telescope with carefully crafted optics and back-end instruments assembled by Isro's Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems (LEOS) in Bengaluru.
The new observatory, widely categorized as the Electro-Optical Deep Space Surveillance (EODSS) system, will track space debris-- mainly consisting of inactive satellites, electronic parts of instruments, leftovers from rocket launch and other such junk.
Как ни прискорбно, но разрешение на публикацию обзоров событий в околоземном космическом пространстве, я так и не получил.
Зато некоторые высокопоставленные, но малоответственные руководители на полном серьезе рассуждают об "открытом сервисе" в АСПОС ОКП, имея в виду, что мы предоставим свободный доступ к информации о всех космических объектах, каталогизированных в нашем орбитальном каталоге !
Там есть и про нас:
http://www.aspos.mcc.rsa.ru/pls/apex/f?p=1000:20:2657149878648926
Институт прикладной математики им. М. В. Келдыша РАН (ИПМ РАН) был создан для решения расчётных задач, связанных с государственными программами атомной и термоядерной энергетики, исследования космического пространства и ракетной техники. Институт входит в состав Отделения математических наук Российской академии наук. Основное направление деятельности института состоит в использовании вычислительной техники для решения сложных научно-технических проблем имеющих важное практическое значение.
ИПМ РАН разрабатывает сегмент мониторинга опасных ситуаций в области геостационарных и высокоэллиптических орбит с привлечением научной сети оптических инструментов для астрометрических и фотометрических наблюдений (НСОИ АФН) и институтов РАН, участвующих в решении задач АСПОС ОКП (ИСЗФ СО РАН, ИНАСАН, ГАО РАН, САО РАН).
ИПМ РАН в рамках АСПОС ОКП решает следующие задачи:
•наблюдение за высокоорбитальными космическими объектами техногенного происхождения в ОКП (в области ГСО, СВО и ВЭО) с использованием средств сети НСОИ АФН и выдача по согласованному регламенту данных о КО в Центральное ядро АСПОС ОКП;
•ведение динамической базы данных по объектам и событиям в области высоких орбит в ОКП, включая ведение архива измерительной и орбитальной информации;
•выявление, прогнозирование и оценка параметров опасных ситуаций (опасных сближений), возникающих в области ГСО, ВЭО и СВО в отношении отечественных функционирующих КА, входящих в число обслуживаемых системой АСПОС ОКП;
•оперативная выдача результатов оценки опасных ситуаций в Центральное ядро АСПОС ОКП;
•оперативное планирование специальных сессий наблюдения средствами НСОИ АФН за высокоорбитальными объектами, участвующими в выявленных опасных ситуациях (объектами риска), исходя из требований обеспечения заданного уровня точности при получении количественных оценок параметров опасной ситуации;
•формирование и выдача заявок в Центральное ядро АСПОС ОКП на получение из ЦККП дополнительной информации по объектам риска;
•оперативное планирование специальных сессий наблюдения средствами НСОИ АФН за заданными низкоорбитальными объектами риска по заявкам из Центрального ядра АСПОС ОКП;
•построение моделей динамического распределения объектов в ОКП на длительных интервалах времени для разных сценариев космической деятельности и выявление на их основе изменения интенсивности
•возникновения опасных ситуаций в области ГСО, ВЭО и средневысоких орбит в будущем;
•анализ накапливаемой информации и особенностей построения и поддержания космических систем на высоких околоземных орбитах, в т.ч. с точки зрения заблаговременного выявления возможности возникновения регулярных опасных ситуаций в отношении отечественных КА;
•верификация и уточнение моделей околоземного космического пространства и выработка необходимых рекомендаций по их использованию;
•отработка новых методов наблюдения за техногенными объектами в ОКП и выработка рекомендаций по перспективным средсвам наблюдения;
•выявление и идентификация событий и источников техногенного засорения ОКП;
•обмен исходными данными и результатами решения задач по согласованному регламенту с Центральным ядром АСПОС ОКП и Сегментом сопровождения КО и поставки информации (ЦККП);
•участие в проведении специальных работ в обеспечение позиции делегаций Роскосмоса (РФ) на международном уровне по вопросам засорѐнности ОКП, включая работы в рамках рабочих групп Межагентского координационного комитета по космическому мусору (МККМ) и НТПК Комитета ООН по использованию космического пространства в мирных целях.
некоторые высокопоставленные, но малоответственные руководителиКозлы они короче.
TAROT (Télescopes à Action Rapide pour les Objets Transitoires)
В свежем номере Icarus вышла интересная статья Discovering the smallest observed near-earth objects with the space surveillance telescope (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0019103518300836)
Речь идет об Space Surveillance Telescope (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Surveillance_Telescope), специализированном 3.5 м телескопе с большим полем зрения для американской системы контроля космического пространства. Он способен отслеживать довольно слабые объекты, движущиеся с очень большими угловыми скоростями, и на этапе испытаний помимо спутников и космического мусора наловил сотню гелиоцентрических объектов c H от 26.4 до 35.9, то есть размерами от 18 м до 25 см. Это видимо самые маленькие NEO, какие-только были зарегистрированы.
(http://f25.ifotki.info/org/2acfe1adf02f48cca76282d4d449ea9db0c153335511390.png)
Распределение известных NEO по размерам. Синие - данныe из CNEOS, красные - новые находки SST. Виден предыдущий рекордсмен - 2008 TS26 c H=33.2
(http://f25.ifotki.info/org/67287fdae7b315a1d96c2f65d3534cb4b0c153335511956.png)
Орбитальные элементы: сравнение находок SST (красные) с объектами CNEOS (синие)
В плане орбит "малыши" ничем не отличаются от более крупных собратьев (см рис выше), но есть и исключения. Один из небольших объектов (H=33.7) незадолго до обнаружения был захвачен на временную геоцентрическую орбиту, где и болтался какое-то время.
В общем, прогресс впечатляет. Если так пойдет и дальше, можно будет не просто наблюдать NEO, а прогнозировать падения даже небольших болидов или например найти очередную временную луну и использовать ее в народном хозяйстве)